Definition of Flashover and Sparkover

Flashover

           Flashover is a disorder that occurs in the form of sparks that occur between insulator component or high voltage electricity. This can occur due to failure of the insulation of the high voltage system.The failure of the electrical insulator can be caused by the presence of small cavities in solid dielectric (porcelain) or due to the occurrence of flashover along the insulator surface. Small cavities in the insulator caused by isolator is made less than perfect at the time of manufacture, thereby insulating the electrical characteristics of the poor. A small cavity in the isolator will eventually cause mechanical damage to the insulator. The occurrence of flashover causes damage to the insulator by heat generated due to arc along the insulator surface. Therefore, the insulator must be made such that the voltage on a small cavity is higher than the voltage that causes flashover.

           Failure flashover (flashover) began with the formation of a dry band (dry band). As previously explained, that the formation of conductive layer on the surface of the insulator caused by the presence of pollutants that stick. Layer formed on the insulator surface is causing the flow of leakage current (leakage current). With the flow of leakage current, the heating occurs in the layer. This layer can form a ribbon of dry (dry band) due to leakage current flowing continuously. At a certain voltage, this condition can cause discharge across the dry band. A discharge can be elongated to form an electric arc (arc) and occur flashover (flashover) through the entire surface of the insulator.

Charge and Discharge Battery Controller In Solar Panel System

Design of battery charge and discharge controller using Arduino Uno (microcontroller Atmega 328p). The design tool consists of several main components, namely solar panels as a source of DC electric current, electronic components such as mosfet, resistors, diodes, and others based microcontroller Atmega 328 are already in the program, the battery as electrical energy storage and lamp DC as an expense. The purpose of this study is to prevent the battery from damage during charging and discharging of the battery.

Solar Panel 

The working principle of this device is a microcontroller Atmega 328 that has been in the program will measure the voltage of the solar panel to determine the duty cycle mosfet controlled by Atmega 328 which generates an output voltage of 14.8 V corresponding specifications of the battery charging voltage. The battery charging process will stop when the voltage on the battery reaches the maximum limit of 14 V. In the process of discharging the load, the battery voltage to be measured to determine its capacity and when the voltage reaches the minimum threshold of 11.5 V, the process of discharging to the load will be disconnected.