How Principle of Photovoltaic Cells Works

The generation of electrical energy in solar cells occurs based on the photoelectric effect that is the effect that occurs due to photons with certain wavelengths which if the energy is greater than the semiconductor threshold energy, it will be absorbed by electrons so the electrons move from the valence band (N) to the conduction band (P) and leaving the hole in the valence band, then two charges, the electron-hole pair are generated. The electron-hole flow that occurs when connected to an electrical load through the conductor will produce an electric current.

For more details we can see in the picture.

State Of Charge (SOC) Battery

BATTERY. Rechargeable batteries are widely used today as temporary energy storage. The battery has the voltage and capacity indicated on the battery. The capacity of the battery is written in units of Ah (ampere-hour) which means the amount of current that a battery can supply in one hour. In general, the equation used to calculate battery capacity is as follows:

C = I x t, where C is capacity, I is Ampere and t is time.

The process of charging (charging) on the battery is done by connecting it to the power source according to the voltage that has been adjusted. After that the electrical energy in the battery can be discharged (emptied/used) to the electrical load. But when the charge (charging) has a maximum voltage limit that must not be bypassed. At the time of discharge (usage) there is also a minimum voltage limit. If these limits are exceeded can cause the battery to damage quickly. This voltage limit is different for each battery depending on the type. The following voltage limits for commonly used today.

Table Voltage limits on several types of batteries

State of Charge	Sealed or Flooded Lead Acid	Gel battery	AGM battery
100%	12.70+	12.85+	12.80+
75%	12.40	12.65	12.60
50%	12.20	12.35	12.30
25%	12.00	12.00	12.00
0%	11.80	11.80	11.80

So that some article about battery limit.
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Calculate the mcb rating (circuit breaker)

For calculate mcb rating we need know current or Ampere (I) of electrical load. For calculate it we use formula :

I load = P/V

for, I load : current load, P : power, and V : Voltage

Ex : I Load 500 W 220 V

P : 50 W
V : 220V

so, I = 500W / 220V
      I = 2.27 A

Now to calculate MCB rating we can use formula

I mcb = I load × 125 %


Ex : I load = 2.27 A so,

 I mcb = 2.27 A x 125 % = 2.84 A or 3 A for MCB rating who use.



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Calculation of Delta and Star Circuits Bank Capacitors

How to Calculation of Delta and Star Circuit's Bank Capacitors. In a three-phase system, a series of capacitor connections can be in the form of delta links and star connections. If the reactive power of a three-phase capacitor is known, the magnitude of the capacitance of the capacitor can be calculated, both the delta and star circuit.

• Delta Circuit